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odidere/vendor/honnef.co/go/tools/go/ir/lift.go
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// Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package ir
// This file defines the lifting pass which tries to "lift" Alloc
// cells (new/local variables) into SSA registers, replacing loads
// with the dominating stored value, eliminating loads and stores, and
// inserting φ- and σ-nodes as needed.
// Cited papers and resources:
//
// Ron Cytron et al. 1991. Efficiently computing SSA form...
// https://doi.acm.org/10.1145/115372.115320
//
// Cooper, Harvey, Kennedy. 2001. A Simple, Fast Dominance Algorithm.
// Software Practice and Experience 2001, 4:1-10.
// https://www.hipersoft.rice.edu/grads/publications/dom14.pdf
//
// Daniel Berlin, llvmdev mailing list, 2012.
// https://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/llvmdev/2012-January/046638.html
// (Be sure to expand the whole thread.)
//
// C. Scott Ananian. 1997. The static single information form.
//
// Jeremy Singer. 2006. Static program analysis based on virtual register renaming.
// TODO(adonovan): opt: there are many optimizations worth evaluating, and
// the conventional wisdom for SSA construction is that a simple
// algorithm well engineered often beats those of better asymptotic
// complexity on all but the most egregious inputs.
//
// Danny Berlin suggests that the Cooper et al. algorithm for
// computing the dominance frontier is superior to Cytron et al.
// Furthermore he recommends that rather than computing the DF for the
// whole function then renaming all alloc cells, it may be cheaper to
// compute the DF for each alloc cell separately and throw it away.
//
// Consider exploiting liveness information to avoid creating dead
// φ-nodes which we then immediately remove.
//
// Also see many other "TODO: opt" suggestions in the code.
import (
"encoding/binary"
"fmt"
"os"
"slices"
)
// If true, show diagnostic information at each step of lifting.
// Very verbose.
const debugLifting = false
// domFrontier maps each block to the set of blocks in its dominance
// frontier. The outer slice is conceptually a map keyed by
// Block.Index. The inner slice is conceptually a set, possibly
// containing duplicates.
//
// TODO(adonovan): opt: measure impact of dups; consider a packed bit
// representation, e.g. big.Int, and bitwise parallel operations for
// the union step in the Children loop.
//
// domFrontier's methods mutate the slice's elements but not its
// length, so their receivers needn't be pointers.
type domFrontier BlockMap[[]*BasicBlock]
func (df domFrontier) add(u, v *BasicBlock) {
df[u.Index] = append(df[u.Index], v)
}
// build builds the dominance frontier df for the dominator tree of
// fn, using the algorithm found in A Simple, Fast Dominance
// Algorithm, Figure 5.
//
// TODO(adonovan): opt: consider Berlin approach, computing pruned SSA
// by pruning the entire IDF computation, rather than merely pruning
// the DF -> IDF step.
func (df domFrontier) build(fn *Function) {
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
preds := b.Preds[0:len(b.Preds):len(b.Preds)]
if b == fn.Exit {
for i, v := range fn.fakeExits.values {
if v {
preds = append(preds, fn.Blocks[i])
}
}
}
if len(preds) >= 2 {
for _, p := range preds {
runner := p
for runner != b.dom.idom {
df.add(runner, b)
runner = runner.dom.idom
}
}
}
}
}
func buildDomFrontier(fn *Function) domFrontier {
df := make(domFrontier, len(fn.Blocks))
df.build(fn)
return df
}
type postDomFrontier BlockMap[[]*BasicBlock]
func (rdf postDomFrontier) add(u, v *BasicBlock) {
rdf[u.Index] = append(rdf[u.Index], v)
}
func (rdf postDomFrontier) build(fn *Function) {
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
succs := b.Succs[0:len(b.Succs):len(b.Succs)]
if fn.fakeExits.Has(b) {
succs = append(succs, fn.Exit)
}
if len(succs) >= 2 {
for _, s := range succs {
runner := s
for runner != b.pdom.idom {
rdf.add(runner, b)
runner = runner.pdom.idom
}
}
}
}
}
func buildPostDomFrontier(fn *Function) postDomFrontier {
rdf := make(postDomFrontier, len(fn.Blocks))
rdf.build(fn)
return rdf
}
func removeInstr(refs []Instruction, instr Instruction) []Instruction {
return removeInstrsIf(refs, func(i Instruction) bool { return i == instr })
}
func removeInstrsIf(refs []Instruction, p func(Instruction) bool) []Instruction {
return slices.DeleteFunc(refs, p)
}
func clearInstrs(instrs []Instruction) {
for i := range instrs {
instrs[i] = nil
}
}
func numberNodesPerBlock(f *Function) {
for _, b := range f.Blocks {
var base ID
for _, instr := range b.Instrs {
if instr == nil {
continue
}
instr.setID(base)
base++
}
}
}
// lift replaces local and new Allocs accessed only with
// load/store by IR registers, inserting φ- and σ-nodes where necessary.
// The result is a program in pruned SSI form.
//
// Preconditions:
// - fn has no dead blocks (blockopt has run).
// - Def/use info (Operands and Referrers) is up-to-date.
// - The dominator tree is up-to-date.
func lift(fn *Function) bool {
// TODO(adonovan): opt: lots of little optimizations may be
// worthwhile here, especially if they cause us to avoid
// buildDomFrontier. For example:
//
// - Alloc never loaded? Eliminate.
// - Alloc never stored? Replace all loads with a zero constant.
// - Alloc stored once? Replace loads with dominating store;
// don't forget that an Alloc is itself an effective store
// of zero.
// - Alloc used only within a single block?
// Use degenerate algorithm avoiding φ-nodes.
// - Consider synergy with scalar replacement of aggregates (SRA).
// e.g. *(&x.f) where x is an Alloc.
// Perhaps we'd get better results if we generated this as x.f
// i.e. Field(x, .f) instead of Load(FieldIndex(x, .f)).
// Unclear.
//
// But we will start with the simplest correct code.
var df domFrontier
var rdf postDomFrontier
var closure *closure
var newPhis BlockMap[[]newPhi]
var newSigmas BlockMap[[]newSigma]
// During this pass we will replace some BasicBlock.Instrs
// (allocs, loads and stores) with nil, keeping a count in
// BasicBlock.gaps. At the end we will reset Instrs to the
// concatenation of all non-dead newPhis and non-nil Instrs
// for the block, reusing the original array if space permits.
// While we're here, we also eliminate 'rundefers'
// instructions and ssa:deferstack() in functions that contain no
// 'defer' instructions. Eliminate ssa:deferstack() if it does not
// escape.
usesDefer := false
deferstackAlloc, deferstackCall := deferstackPreamble(fn)
eliminateDeferStack := deferstackAlloc != nil && !deferstackAlloc.Heap
// Determine which allocs we can lift and number them densely.
// The renaming phase uses this numbering for compact maps.
numAllocs := 0
instructions := make(BlockMap[liftInstructions], len(fn.Blocks))
for i := range instructions {
instructions[i].insertInstructions = map[Instruction][]Instruction{}
}
// Number nodes, for liftable
numberNodesPerBlock(fn)
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
b.gaps = 0
b.rundefers = 0
for _, instr := range b.Instrs {
switch instr := instr.(type) {
case *Alloc:
if !liftable(instr, instructions) {
instr.index = -1
continue
}
if numAllocs == 0 {
df = buildDomFrontier(fn)
rdf = buildPostDomFrontier(fn)
if len(fn.Blocks) > 2 {
closure = transitiveClosure(fn)
}
newPhis = make(BlockMap[[]newPhi], len(fn.Blocks))
newSigmas = make(BlockMap[[]newSigma], len(fn.Blocks))
if debugLifting {
title := false
for i, blocks := range df {
if blocks != nil {
if !title {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Dominance frontier of %s:\n", fn)
title = true
}
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\t%s: %s\n", fn.Blocks[i], blocks)
}
}
}
}
instr.index = numAllocs
numAllocs++
case *Defer:
usesDefer = true
if eliminateDeferStack {
// Clear _DeferStack and remove references to loads
if instr._DeferStack != nil {
if refs := instr._DeferStack.Referrers(); refs != nil {
*refs = removeInstr(*refs, instr)
}
instr._DeferStack = nil
}
}
case *RunDefers:
b.rundefers++
}
}
}
if numAllocs > 0 {
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
work := instructions[b.Index]
for _, rename := range work.renameAllocs {
for _, instr_ := range b.Instrs[rename.startingAt:] {
replace(instr_, rename.from, rename.to)
}
}
}
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
work := instructions[b.Index]
if len(work.insertInstructions) != 0 {
newInstrs := make([]Instruction, 0, len(fn.Blocks)+len(work.insertInstructions)*3)
for _, instr := range b.Instrs {
if add, ok := work.insertInstructions[instr]; ok {
newInstrs = append(newInstrs, add...)
}
newInstrs = append(newInstrs, instr)
}
b.Instrs = newInstrs
}
}
// TODO(dh): remove inserted allocs that end up unused after lifting.
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
for _, instr := range b.Instrs {
if instr, ok := instr.(*Alloc); ok && instr.index >= 0 {
liftAlloc(closure, df, rdf, instr, newPhis, newSigmas)
}
}
}
// renaming maps an alloc (keyed by index) to its replacement
// value. Initially the renaming contains nil, signifying the
// zero constant of the appropriate type; we construct the
// Const lazily at most once on each path through the domtree.
// TODO(adonovan): opt: cache per-function not per subtree.
renaming := make([]Value, numAllocs)
// Renaming.
rename(fn.Blocks[0], renaming, newPhis, newSigmas)
simplifyPhisAndSigmas(newPhis, newSigmas)
// Eliminate dead φ- and σ-nodes.
markLiveNodes(fn.Blocks, newPhis, newSigmas)
// Eliminate ssa:deferstack() call.
if eliminateDeferStack {
b := deferstackCall.block
for i, instr := range b.Instrs {
if instr == deferstackCall {
b.Instrs[i] = nil
b.gaps++
break
}
}
}
}
// Prepend remaining live φ-nodes to each block and possibly kill rundefers.
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
var head []Instruction
if numAllocs > 0 {
nps := newPhis[b.Index]
head = make([]Instruction, 0, len(nps))
for _, pred := range b.Preds {
nss := newSigmas[pred.Index]
idx := pred.succIndex(b)
for _, newSigma := range nss {
if sigma := newSigma.sigmas[idx]; sigma != nil && sigma.live {
head = append(head, sigma)
// we didn't populate referrers before, as most
// sigma nodes will be killed
if refs := sigma.X.Referrers(); refs != nil {
*refs = append(*refs, sigma)
}
} else if sigma != nil {
sigma.block = nil
}
}
}
for _, np := range nps {
if np.phi.live {
head = append(head, np.phi)
} else {
for _, edge := range np.phi.Edges {
if refs := edge.Referrers(); refs != nil {
*refs = removeInstr(*refs, np.phi)
}
}
np.phi.block = nil
}
}
}
rundefersToKill := b.rundefers
if usesDefer {
rundefersToKill = 0
}
j := len(head)
if j+b.gaps+rundefersToKill == 0 {
continue // fast path: no new phis or gaps
}
// We could do straight copies instead of element-wise copies
// when both b.gaps and rundefersToKill are zero. However,
// that seems to only be the case ~1% of the time, which
// doesn't seem worth the extra branch.
// Remove dead instructions, add phis and sigmas
ns := len(b.Instrs) + j - b.gaps - rundefersToKill
if ns <= cap(b.Instrs) {
// b.Instrs has enough capacity to store all instructions
// OPT(dh): check cap vs the actually required space; if
// there is a big enough difference, it may be worth
// allocating a new slice, to avoid pinning memory.
dst := b.Instrs[:cap(b.Instrs)]
i := len(dst) - 1
for n := len(b.Instrs) - 1; n >= 0; n-- {
instr := dst[n]
if instr == nil {
continue
}
if !usesDefer {
if _, ok := instr.(*RunDefers); ok {
continue
}
}
dst[i] = instr
i--
}
off := i + 1 - len(head)
// aid GC
clearInstrs(dst[:off])
dst = dst[off:]
copy(dst, head)
b.Instrs = dst
} else {
// not enough space, so allocate a new slice and copy
// over.
dst := make([]Instruction, ns)
copy(dst, head)
for _, instr := range b.Instrs {
if instr == nil {
continue
}
if !usesDefer {
if _, ok := instr.(*RunDefers); ok {
continue
}
}
dst[j] = instr
j++
}
b.Instrs = dst
}
}
// Remove any fn.Locals that were lifted.
j := 0
for _, l := range fn.Locals {
if l.index < 0 {
fn.Locals[j] = l
j++
}
}
// Nil out fn.Locals[j:] to aid GC.
for i := j; i < len(fn.Locals); i++ {
fn.Locals[i] = nil
}
fn.Locals = fn.Locals[:j]
return numAllocs > 0
}
func hasDirectReferrer(instr Instruction) bool {
for _, instr := range *instr.Referrers() {
switch instr.(type) {
case *Phi, *Sigma:
// ignore
default:
return true
}
}
return false
}
func markLiveNodes(blocks []*BasicBlock, newPhis BlockMap[[]newPhi], newSigmas BlockMap[[]newSigma]) {
// Phis and sigmas may become dead due to optimization passes. We may also insert more nodes than strictly
// necessary, e.g. sigma nodes for constants, which will never be used.
// Phi and sigma nodes are considered live if a non-phi, non-sigma
// node uses them. Once we find a node that is live, we mark all
// of its operands as used, too.
for _, npList := range newPhis {
for _, np := range npList {
phi := np.phi
if !phi.live && hasDirectReferrer(phi) {
markLivePhi(phi)
}
}
}
for _, npList := range newSigmas {
for _, np := range npList {
for _, sigma := range np.sigmas {
if sigma != nil && !sigma.live && hasDirectReferrer(sigma) {
markLiveSigma(sigma)
}
}
}
}
// Existing φ-nodes due to && and || operators
// are all considered live (see Go issue 19622).
for _, b := range blocks {
for _, phi := range b.phis() {
markLivePhi(phi.(*Phi))
}
}
}
func markLivePhi(phi *Phi) {
phi.live = true
for _, rand := range phi.Edges {
switch rand := rand.(type) {
case *Phi:
if !rand.live {
markLivePhi(rand)
}
case *Sigma:
if !rand.live {
markLiveSigma(rand)
}
}
}
}
func markLiveSigma(sigma *Sigma) {
sigma.live = true
switch rand := sigma.X.(type) {
case *Phi:
if !rand.live {
markLivePhi(rand)
}
case *Sigma:
if !rand.live {
markLiveSigma(rand)
}
}
}
// simplifyPhisAndSigmas removes duplicate phi and sigma nodes,
// and replaces trivial phis with non-phi alternatives. Phi
// nodes where all edges are identical, or consist of only the phi
// itself and one other value, may be replaced with the value.
func simplifyPhisAndSigmas(newPhis BlockMap[[]newPhi], newSigmas BlockMap[[]newSigma]) {
// temporary numbering of values used in phis so that we can build map keys
var id ID
for _, npList := range newPhis {
for _, np := range npList {
for _, edge := range np.phi.Edges {
edge.setID(id)
id++
}
}
}
// find all phis that are trivial and can be replaced with a
// non-phi value. run until we reach a fixpoint, because replacing
// a phi may make other phis trivial.
for changed := true; changed; {
changed = false
for _, npList := range newPhis {
for _, np := range npList {
if np.phi.live {
// we're reusing 'live' to mean 'dead' in the context of simplifyPhisAndSigmas
continue
}
if r, ok := isUselessPhi(np.phi); ok {
// useless phi, replace its uses with the
// replacement value. the dead phi pass will clean
// up the phi afterwards.
replaceAll(np.phi, r)
np.phi.live = true
changed = true
}
}
}
// Replace duplicate sigma nodes with a single node. These nodes exist when multiple allocs get replaced with the
// same dominating store.
for _, sigmaList := range newSigmas {
primarySigmas := map[struct {
succ int
v Value
}]*Sigma{}
for _, sigmas := range sigmaList {
for succ, sigma := range sigmas.sigmas {
if sigma == nil {
continue
}
if sigma.live {
// we're reusing 'live' to mean 'dead' in the context of simplifyPhisAndSigmas
continue
}
key := struct {
succ int
v Value
}{succ, sigma.X}
if alt, ok := primarySigmas[key]; ok {
replaceAll(sigma, alt)
sigma.live = true
changed = true
} else {
primarySigmas[key] = sigma
}
}
}
}
// Replace duplicate phi nodes with a single node. As far as we know, these duplicate nodes only ever exist
// because of the previous sigma deduplication.
keyb := make([]byte, 0, 4*8)
for _, npList := range newPhis {
primaryPhis := map[string]*Phi{}
for _, np := range npList {
if np.phi.live {
continue
}
if n := len(np.phi.Edges) * 8; cap(keyb) >= n {
keyb = keyb[:n]
} else {
keyb = make([]byte, n, n*2)
}
for i, e := range np.phi.Edges {
binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(keyb[i*8:i*8+8], uint64(e.ID()))
}
if alt, ok := primaryPhis[string(keyb)]; ok {
replaceAll(np.phi, alt)
np.phi.live = true
changed = true
} else {
primaryPhis[string(keyb)] = np.phi
}
}
}
}
for _, npList := range newPhis {
for _, np := range npList {
np.phi.live = false
for _, edge := range np.phi.Edges {
edge.setID(0)
}
}
}
for _, sigmaList := range newSigmas {
for _, sigmas := range sigmaList {
for _, sigma := range sigmas.sigmas {
if sigma != nil {
sigma.live = false
}
}
}
}
}
type BlockSet struct {
idx int
values []bool
count int
}
func NewBlockSet(size int) *BlockSet {
return &BlockSet{values: make([]bool, size)}
}
func (s *BlockSet) Set(s2 *BlockSet) {
copy(s.values, s2.values)
s.count = 0
for _, v := range s.values {
if v {
s.count++
}
}
}
func (s *BlockSet) Num() int {
return s.count
}
func (s *BlockSet) Has(b *BasicBlock) bool {
if b.Index >= len(s.values) {
return false
}
return s.values[b.Index]
}
// add adds b to the set and returns true if the set changed.
func (s *BlockSet) Add(b *BasicBlock) bool {
if s.values[b.Index] {
return false
}
s.count++
s.values[b.Index] = true
s.idx = b.Index
return true
}
func (s *BlockSet) Clear() {
for j := range s.values {
s.values[j] = false
}
s.count = 0
}
// take removes an arbitrary element from a set s and
// returns its index, or returns -1 if empty.
func (s *BlockSet) Take() int {
// [i, end]
for i := s.idx; i < len(s.values); i++ {
if s.values[i] {
s.values[i] = false
s.idx = i
s.count--
return i
}
}
// [start, i)
for i := 0; i < s.idx; i++ {
if s.values[i] {
s.values[i] = false
s.idx = i
s.count--
return i
}
}
return -1
}
type closure struct {
span []uint32
reachables BlockMap[interval]
}
type interval uint32
const (
flagMask = 1 << 31
numBits = 20
lengthBits = 32 - numBits - 1
lengthMask = (1<<lengthBits - 1) << numBits
numMask = 1<<numBits - 1
)
func (c closure) has(s, v *BasicBlock) bool {
idx := uint32(v.Index)
if idx == 1 || s.Dominates(v) {
return true
}
r := c.reachable(s.Index)
for i := 0; i < len(r); i++ {
inv := r[i]
var start, end uint32
if inv&flagMask == 0 {
// small interval
start = uint32(inv & numMask)
end = start + uint32(inv&lengthMask)>>numBits
} else {
// large interval
i++
start = uint32(inv & numMask)
end = uint32(r[i])
}
if idx >= start && idx <= end {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func (c closure) reachable(id int) []interval {
return c.reachables[c.span[id]:c.span[id+1]]
}
func (c closure) walk(current *BasicBlock, b *BasicBlock, visited []bool) {
// TODO(dh): the 'current' argument seems to be unused
// TODO(dh): there's no reason for this to be a method
visited[b.Index] = true
for _, succ := range b.Succs {
if visited[succ.Index] {
continue
}
visited[succ.Index] = true
c.walk(current, succ, visited)
}
}
func transitiveClosure(fn *Function) *closure {
reachable := make(BlockMap[bool], len(fn.Blocks))
c := &closure{}
c.span = make([]uint32, len(fn.Blocks)+1)
addInterval := func(start, end uint32) {
if l := end - start; l <= 1<<lengthBits-1 {
n := interval(l<<numBits | start)
c.reachables = append(c.reachables, n)
} else {
n1 := interval(1<<31 | start)
n2 := interval(end)
c.reachables = append(c.reachables, n1, n2)
}
}
for i, b := range fn.Blocks[1:] {
for i := range reachable {
reachable[i] = false
}
c.walk(b, b, reachable)
start := ^uint32(0)
for id, isReachable := range reachable {
if !isReachable {
if start != ^uint32(0) {
end := uint32(id) - 1
addInterval(start, end)
start = ^uint32(0)
}
continue
} else if start == ^uint32(0) {
start = uint32(id)
}
}
if start != ^uint32(0) {
addInterval(start, uint32(len(reachable))-1)
}
c.span[i+2] = uint32(len(c.reachables))
}
return c
}
// newPhi is a pair of a newly introduced φ-node and the lifted Alloc
// it replaces.
type newPhi struct {
phi *Phi
alloc *Alloc
}
type newSigma struct {
alloc *Alloc
sigmas []*Sigma
}
type liftInstructions struct {
insertInstructions map[Instruction][]Instruction
renameAllocs []struct {
from *Alloc
to *Alloc
startingAt int
}
}
// liftable determines if alloc can be lifted, and records instructions to split partially liftable allocs.
//
// In the trivial case, all uses of the alloc can be lifted. This is the case when it is only used for storing into and
// loading from. In that case, no instructions are recorded.
//
// In the more complex case, the alloc is used for storing into and loading from, but it is also used as a value, for
// example because it gets passed to a function, e.g. fn(&x). In this case, uses of the alloc fall into one of two
// categories: those that can be lifted and those that can't. A boundary forms between these two categories in the
// function's control flow: Once an unliftable use is encountered, the alloc is no longer liftable for the remainder of
// the basic block the use is in, nor in any blocks reachable from it.
//
// We record instructions that split the alloc into two allocs: one that is used in liftable uses, and one that is used
// in unliftable uses. Whenever we encounter a boundary between liftable and unliftable uses or blocks, we emit a pair
// of Load and Store that copy the value from the liftable alloc into the unliftable alloc. Taking these instructions
// into account, the normal lifting machinery will completely lift the liftable alloc, store the correct lifted values
// into the unliftable alloc, and will not at all lift the unliftable alloc.
//
// In Go syntax, the transformation looks somewhat like this:
//
// func foo() {
// x := 32
// if cond {
// println(x)
// escape(&x)
// println(x)
// } else {
// println(x)
// }
// println(x)
// }
//
// transforms into
//
// func fooSplitAlloc() {
// x := 32
// var x_ int
// if cond {
// println(x)
// x_ = x
// escape(&x_)
// println(x_)
// } else {
// println(x)
// x_ = x
// }
// println(x_)
// }
func liftable(alloc *Alloc, instructions BlockMap[liftInstructions]) bool {
fn := alloc.block.parent
// Don't lift result values in functions that defer
// calls that may recover from panic.
if fn.hasDefer {
if slices.Contains(fn.results, alloc) {
return false
}
}
type blockDesc struct {
// is the block (partially) unliftable, because it contains unliftable instructions or is reachable by an unliftable block
isUnliftable bool
hasLiftableLoad bool
hasLiftableOther bool
// we need to emit stores in predecessors because the unliftable use is in a phi
storeInPreds bool
lastLiftable int
firstUnliftable int
}
blocks := make(BlockMap[blockDesc], len(fn.Blocks))
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
blocks[b.Index].lastLiftable = -1
blocks[b.Index].firstUnliftable = len(b.Instrs) + 1
}
// Look at all uses of the alloc and deduce which blocks have liftable or unliftable instructions.
for _, instr := range alloc.referrers {
// Find the first unliftable use
desc := &blocks[instr.Block().Index]
hasUnliftable := false
inHead := false
switch instr := instr.(type) {
case *Store:
if instr.Val == alloc {
hasUnliftable = true
}
case *Load:
case *DebugRef:
case *Phi, *Sigma:
inHead = true
hasUnliftable = true
default:
hasUnliftable = true
}
if hasUnliftable {
desc.isUnliftable = true
if int(instr.ID()) < desc.firstUnliftable {
desc.firstUnliftable = int(instr.ID())
}
if inHead {
desc.storeInPreds = true
desc.firstUnliftable = 0
}
}
}
for _, instr := range alloc.referrers {
// Find the last liftable use, taking the previously calculated firstUnliftable into consideration
desc := &blocks[instr.Block().Index]
if int(instr.ID()) >= desc.firstUnliftable {
continue
}
hasLiftable := false
switch instr := instr.(type) {
case *Store:
if instr.Val != alloc {
desc.hasLiftableOther = true
hasLiftable = true
}
case *Load:
desc.hasLiftableLoad = true
hasLiftable = true
case *DebugRef:
desc.hasLiftableOther = true
}
if hasLiftable {
if int(instr.ID()) > desc.lastLiftable {
desc.lastLiftable = int(instr.ID())
}
}
}
for i := range blocks {
// Update firstUnliftable to be one after lastLiftable. We do this to include the unliftable's preceding
// DebugRefs in the renaming.
if blocks[i].lastLiftable == -1 && !blocks[i].storeInPreds {
// There are no liftable instructions (for this alloc) in this block. Set firstUnliftable to the
// first non-head instruction to avoid inserting the store before phi instructions, which would
// fail validation.
first := -1
instrLoop:
for i, instr := range fn.Blocks[i].Instrs {
switch instr.(type) {
case *Phi, *Sigma:
default:
first = i
break instrLoop
}
}
blocks[i].firstUnliftable = first
} else {
blocks[i].firstUnliftable = blocks[i].lastLiftable + 1
}
}
// If a block is reachable by a (partially) unliftable block, then the entirety of the block is unliftable. In that
// case, stores have to be inserted in the predecessors.
//
// TODO(dh): this isn't always necessary. If the block is reachable by itself, i.e. part of a loop, then if the
// Alloc instruction is itself part of that loop, then there is a subset of instructions in the loop that can be
// lifted. For example:
//
// for {
// x := 42
// println(x)
// escape(&x)
// }
//
// The x that escapes in one iteration of the loop isn't the same x that we read from on the next iteration.
seen := make(BlockMap[bool], len(fn.Blocks))
var dfs func(b *BasicBlock)
dfs = func(b *BasicBlock) {
if seen[b.Index] {
return
}
seen[b.Index] = true
desc := &blocks[b.Index]
desc.hasLiftableLoad = false
desc.hasLiftableOther = false
desc.isUnliftable = true
desc.firstUnliftable = 0
desc.storeInPreds = true
for _, succ := range b.Succs {
dfs(succ)
}
}
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
if blocks[b.Index].isUnliftable {
for _, succ := range b.Succs {
dfs(succ)
}
}
}
hasLiftableLoad := false
hasLiftableOther := false
hasUnliftable := false
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
desc := blocks[b.Index]
hasLiftableLoad = hasLiftableLoad || desc.hasLiftableLoad
hasLiftableOther = hasLiftableOther || desc.hasLiftableOther
if desc.isUnliftable {
hasUnliftable = true
}
}
if !hasLiftableLoad && !hasLiftableOther {
// There are no liftable uses
return false
} else if !hasUnliftable {
// The alloc is entirely liftable without splitting
return true
} else if !hasLiftableLoad {
// The alloc is not entirely liftable, and the only liftable uses are stores. While some of those stores could
// get lifted away, it would also lead to an infinite loop when lifting to a fixpoint, because the newly created
// allocs also get stored into repeatable and that's their only liftable uses.
return false
}
// We need to insert stores for the new alloc. If a (partially) unliftable block has no unliftable
// predecessors and the use isn't in a phi node, then the store can be inserted right before the unliftable use.
// Otherwise, stores have to be inserted at the end of all liftable predecessors.
newAlloc := &Alloc{Heap: true}
newAlloc.setBlock(alloc.block)
newAlloc.setType(alloc.typ)
newAlloc.setSource(alloc.source)
newAlloc.index = -1
newAlloc.comment = "split alloc"
{
work := instructions[alloc.block.Index]
work.insertInstructions[alloc] = append(work.insertInstructions[alloc], newAlloc)
}
predHasStore := make(BlockMap[bool], len(fn.Blocks))
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
desc := &blocks[b.Index]
bWork := &instructions[b.Index]
if desc.isUnliftable {
bWork.renameAllocs = append(bWork.renameAllocs, struct {
from *Alloc
to *Alloc
startingAt int
}{
alloc, newAlloc, int(desc.firstUnliftable),
})
}
if !desc.isUnliftable {
continue
}
propagate := func(in *BasicBlock, before Instruction) {
load := &Load{
X: alloc,
}
store := &Store{
Addr: newAlloc,
Val: load,
}
load.setType(deref(alloc.typ))
load.setBlock(in)
load.comment = "split alloc"
store.setBlock(in)
updateOperandReferrers(load)
updateOperandReferrers(store)
store.comment = "split alloc"
entry := &instructions[in.Index]
entry.insertInstructions[before] = append(entry.insertInstructions[before], load, store)
}
if desc.storeInPreds {
// emit stores at the end of liftable preds
for _, pred := range b.Preds {
if blocks[pred.Index].isUnliftable {
continue
}
if !alloc.block.Dominates(pred) {
// Consider this cfg:
//
// 1
// /|
// / |
// ↙ ↓
// 2--→3
//
// with an Alloc in block 2. It doesn't make sense to insert a store in block 1 for the jump to
// block 3, because 1 can never see the Alloc in the first place.
//
// Ignoring phi nodes, an Alloc always dominates all of its uses, and phi nodes don't matter here,
// because for the incoming edges that do matter, we do emit the stores.
continue
}
if predHasStore[pred.Index] {
// Don't generate redundant propagations. Not only is it unnecessary, it can lead to infinite loops
// when trying to lift to a fix point, because redundant stores are liftable.
continue
}
predHasStore[pred.Index] = true
before := pred.Instrs[len(pred.Instrs)-1]
propagate(pred, before)
}
} else {
// emit store before the first unliftable use
before := b.Instrs[desc.firstUnliftable]
propagate(b, before)
}
}
return true
}
// liftAlloc lifts alloc into registers and populates newPhis and newSigmas with all the φ- and σ-nodes it may require.
func liftAlloc(closure *closure, df domFrontier, rdf postDomFrontier, alloc *Alloc, newPhis BlockMap[[]newPhi], newSigmas BlockMap[[]newSigma]) {
fn := alloc.Parent()
defblocks := fn.blockset(0)
useblocks := fn.blockset(1)
Aphi := fn.blockset(2)
Asigma := fn.blockset(3)
W := fn.blockset(4)
// Compute defblocks, the set of blocks containing a
// definition of the alloc cell.
for _, instr := range *alloc.Referrers() {
switch instr := instr.(type) {
case *Store:
defblocks.Add(instr.Block())
case *Load:
useblocks.Add(instr.Block())
for _, ref := range *instr.Referrers() {
useblocks.Add(ref.Block())
}
}
}
// The Alloc itself counts as a (zero) definition of the cell.
defblocks.Add(alloc.Block())
if debugLifting {
fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "\tlifting ", alloc, alloc.Name())
}
// Φ-insertion.
//
// What follows is the body of the main loop of the insert-φ
// function described by Cytron et al, but instead of using
// counter tricks, we just reset the 'hasAlready' and 'work'
// sets each iteration. These are bitmaps so it's pretty cheap.
// Initialize W and work to defblocks.
for change := true; change; {
change = false
{
// Traverse iterated dominance frontier, inserting φ-nodes.
W.Set(defblocks)
for i := W.Take(); i != -1; i = W.Take() {
n := fn.Blocks[i]
for _, y := range df[n.Index] {
if Aphi.Add(y) {
if len(*alloc.Referrers()) == 0 {
continue
}
live := false
if closure == nil {
live = true
} else {
for _, ref := range *alloc.Referrers() {
if _, ok := ref.(*Load); ok {
if closure.has(y, ref.Block()) {
live = true
break
}
}
}
}
if !live {
continue
}
// Create φ-node.
// It will be prepended to v.Instrs later, if needed.
if len(y.Preds) == 0 {
// The exit block may be unreachable if the function doesn't
// return, e.g. due to an infinite loop. In that case we
// should not replace loads in the exit block with ϕ node that
// have no edges. Such loads exist when the function has named
// return parameters, as the exit block loads them to turn
// them into a Return instruction. By not replacing the loads
// with ϕ nodes, they will later be replaced by zero
// constants. This is arguably more correct, and more
// importantly, it doesn't break code that assumes that phis
// have at least one edge.
//
// For one instance of breakage see
// https://staticcheck.dev/issues/1533
continue
}
phi := &Phi{
Edges: make([]Value, len(y.Preds)),
}
phi.comment = alloc.comment
phi.source = alloc.source
phi.setType(deref(alloc.Type()))
phi.block = y
if debugLifting {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\tplace %s = %s at block %s\n", phi.Name(), phi, y)
}
newPhis[y.Index] = append(newPhis[y.Index], newPhi{phi, alloc})
for _, p := range y.Preds {
useblocks.Add(p)
}
change = true
if defblocks.Add(y) {
W.Add(y)
}
}
}
}
}
{
W.Set(useblocks)
for i := W.Take(); i != -1; i = W.Take() {
n := fn.Blocks[i]
for _, y := range rdf[n.Index] {
if Asigma.Add(y) {
sigmas := make([]*Sigma, 0, len(y.Succs))
anyLive := false
for _, succ := range y.Succs {
live := false
for _, ref := range *alloc.Referrers() {
if closure == nil || closure.has(succ, ref.Block()) {
live = true
anyLive = true
break
}
}
if live {
sigma := &Sigma{
From: y,
X: alloc,
}
sigma.comment = alloc.comment
sigma.source = alloc.source
sigma.setType(deref(alloc.Type()))
sigma.block = succ
sigmas = append(sigmas, sigma)
} else {
sigmas = append(sigmas, nil)
}
}
if anyLive {
newSigmas[y.Index] = append(newSigmas[y.Index], newSigma{alloc, sigmas})
for _, s := range y.Succs {
defblocks.Add(s)
}
change = true
if useblocks.Add(y) {
W.Add(y)
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
// replaceAll replaces all intraprocedural uses of x with y,
// updating x.Referrers and y.Referrers.
// Precondition: x.Referrers() != nil, i.e. x must be local to some function.
func replaceAll(x, y Value) {
var rands []*Value
pxrefs := x.Referrers()
pyrefs := y.Referrers()
for _, instr := range *pxrefs {
switch instr := instr.(type) {
case *CompositeValue:
// Special case CompositeValue because it might have very large lists of operands
//
// OPT(dh): this loop is still expensive for large composite values
for i, rand := range instr.Values {
if rand == x {
instr.Values[i] = y
}
}
default:
rands = instr.Operands(rands[:0]) // recycle storage
for _, rand := range rands {
if *rand != nil {
if *rand == x {
*rand = y
}
}
}
}
if pyrefs != nil {
*pyrefs = append(*pyrefs, instr) // dups ok
}
}
*pxrefs = nil // x is now unreferenced
}
func replace(instr Instruction, x, y Value) {
args := instr.Operands(nil)
matched := false
for _, arg := range args {
if *arg == x {
*arg = y
matched = true
}
}
if matched {
yrefs := y.Referrers()
if yrefs != nil {
*yrefs = append(*yrefs, instr)
}
xrefs := x.Referrers()
if xrefs != nil {
*xrefs = removeInstr(*xrefs, instr)
}
}
}
// renamed returns the value to which alloc is being renamed,
// constructing it lazily if it's the implicit zero initialization.
func renamed(fn *Function, renaming []Value, alloc *Alloc) Value {
v := renaming[alloc.index]
if v == nil {
v = emitConst(fn, zeroConst(deref(alloc.Type()), alloc.source))
renaming[alloc.index] = v
}
return v
}
func copyValue(v Value, why Instruction, info CopyInfo) *Copy {
c := &Copy{
X: v,
Why: why,
Info: info,
}
if refs := v.Referrers(); refs != nil {
*refs = append(*refs, c)
}
c.setType(v.Type())
c.setSource(v.Source())
return c
}
func splitOnNewInformation(u *BasicBlock, renaming *StackMap) {
renaming.Push()
defer renaming.Pop()
rename := func(v Value, why Instruction, info CopyInfo, i int) {
c := copyValue(v, why, info)
c.setBlock(u)
renaming.Set(v, c)
u.Instrs = append(u.Instrs, nil)
copy(u.Instrs[i+2:], u.Instrs[i+1:])
u.Instrs[i+1] = c
}
replacement := func(v Value) (Value, bool) {
r, ok := renaming.Get(v)
if !ok {
return nil, false
}
for {
rr, ok := renaming.Get(r)
if !ok {
// Store replacement in the map so that future calls to replacement(v) don't have to go through the
// iterative process again.
renaming.Set(v, r)
return r, true
}
r = rr
}
}
var hasInfo func(v Value, info CopyInfo) bool
hasInfo = func(v Value, info CopyInfo) bool {
switch v := v.(type) {
case *Copy:
return (v.Info&info) == info || hasInfo(v.X, info)
case *FieldAddr, *IndexAddr, *TypeAssert, *MakeChan, *MakeMap, *MakeSlice, *Alloc:
return info == CopyInfoNotNil
case Member, *Builtin:
return info == CopyInfoNotNil
case *Sigma:
return hasInfo(v.X, info)
default:
return false
}
}
var args []*Value
for i := 0; i < len(u.Instrs); i++ {
instr := u.Instrs[i]
if instr == nil {
continue
}
args = instr.Operands(args[:0])
for _, arg := range args {
if *arg == nil {
continue
}
if r, ok := replacement(*arg); ok {
*arg = r
replace(instr, *arg, r)
}
}
// TODO write some bits on why we copy values instead of encoding the actual control flow and panics
switch instr := instr.(type) {
case *IndexAddr:
// Note that we rename instr.Index and instr.X even if they're already copies, because unique combinations
// of X and Index may lead to unique information.
// OPT we should rename both variables at once and avoid one memmove
rename(instr.Index, instr, CopyInfoNotNegative, i)
rename(instr.X, instr, CopyInfoNotNil, i)
i += 2 // skip over instructions we just inserted
case *FieldAddr:
if !hasInfo(instr.X, CopyInfoNotNil) {
rename(instr.X, instr, CopyInfoNotNil, i)
i++
}
case *TypeAssert:
// If we've already type asserted instr.X without comma-ok before, then it can only contain a single type,
// and successive type assertions, no matter the type, don't tell us anything new.
if !hasInfo(instr.X, CopyInfoNotNil|CopyInfoSingleConcreteType) {
rename(instr.X, instr, CopyInfoNotNil|CopyInfoSingleConcreteType, i)
i++ // skip over instruction we just inserted
}
case *Load:
if !hasInfo(instr.X, CopyInfoNotNil) {
rename(instr.X, instr, CopyInfoNotNil, i)
i++
}
case *Store:
if !hasInfo(instr.Addr, CopyInfoNotNil) {
rename(instr.Addr, instr, CopyInfoNotNil, i)
i++
}
case *MapUpdate:
if !hasInfo(instr.Map, CopyInfoNotNil) {
rename(instr.Map, instr, CopyInfoNotNil, i)
i++
}
case CallInstruction:
off := 0
if !instr.Common().IsInvoke() && !hasInfo(instr.Common().Value, CopyInfoNotNil) {
rename(instr.Common().Value, instr, CopyInfoNotNil, i)
off++
}
if f, ok := instr.Common().Value.(*Builtin); ok {
switch f.name {
case "close":
arg := instr.Common().Args[0]
if !hasInfo(arg, CopyInfoNotNil|CopyInfoClosed) {
rename(arg, instr, CopyInfoNotNil|CopyInfoClosed, i)
off++
}
}
}
i += off
case *SliceToArrayPointer:
// A slice to array pointer conversion tells us the minimum length of the slice
rename(instr.X, instr, CopyInfoUnspecified, i)
i++
case *SliceToArray:
// A slice to array conversion tells us the minimum length of the slice
rename(instr.X, instr, CopyInfoUnspecified, i)
i++
case *Slice:
// Slicing tells us about some of the bounds
off := 0
if instr.Low == nil && instr.High == nil && instr.Max == nil {
// If all indices are unspecified, then we can only learn something about instr.X if it might've been
// nil.
if !hasInfo(instr.X, CopyInfoNotNil) {
rename(instr.X, instr, CopyInfoUnspecified, i)
off++
}
} else {
rename(instr.X, instr, CopyInfoUnspecified, i)
off++
}
// We copy the indices even if we already know they are not negative, because we can associate numeric
// ranges with them.
if instr.Low != nil {
rename(instr.Low, instr, CopyInfoNotNegative, i)
off++
}
if instr.High != nil {
rename(instr.High, instr, CopyInfoNotNegative, i)
off++
}
if instr.Max != nil {
rename(instr.Max, instr, CopyInfoNotNegative, i)
off++
}
i += off
case *StringLookup:
rename(instr.X, instr, CopyInfoUnspecified, i)
rename(instr.Index, instr, CopyInfoNotNegative, i)
i += 2
case *Recv:
if !hasInfo(instr.Chan, CopyInfoNotNil) {
// Receiving from a nil channel never completes
rename(instr.Chan, instr, CopyInfoNotNil, i)
i++
}
case *Send:
if !hasInfo(instr.Chan, CopyInfoNotNil) {
// Sending to a nil channel never completes. Sending to a closed channel panics, but whether a channel
// is closed isn't local to this function, so we didn't learn anything.
rename(instr.Chan, instr, CopyInfoNotNil, i)
i++
}
}
}
for _, v := range u.dom.children {
splitOnNewInformation(v, renaming)
}
}
// rename implements the Cytron et al-based SSI renaming algorithm, a
// preorder traversal of the dominator tree replacing all loads of
// Alloc cells with the value stored to that cell by the dominating
// store instruction.
//
// renaming is a map from *Alloc (keyed by index number) to its
// dominating stored value; newPhis[x] is the set of new φ-nodes to be
// prepended to block x.
func rename(u *BasicBlock, renaming []Value, newPhis BlockMap[[]newPhi], newSigmas BlockMap[[]newSigma]) {
// Each φ-node becomes the new name for its associated Alloc.
for _, np := range newPhis[u.Index] {
phi := np.phi
alloc := np.alloc
renaming[alloc.index] = phi
}
// Rename loads and stores of allocs.
for i, instr := range u.Instrs {
switch instr := instr.(type) {
case *Alloc:
if instr.index >= 0 { // store of zero to Alloc cell
// Replace dominated loads by the zero value.
renaming[instr.index] = nil
if debugLifting {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\tkill alloc %s\n", instr)
}
// Delete the Alloc.
u.Instrs[i] = nil
u.gaps++
}
case *Store:
if alloc, ok := instr.Addr.(*Alloc); ok && alloc.index >= 0 { // store to Alloc cell
// Replace dominated loads by the stored value.
renaming[alloc.index] = instr.Val
if debugLifting {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\tkill store %s; new value: %s\n",
instr, instr.Val.Name())
}
if refs := instr.Addr.Referrers(); refs != nil {
*refs = removeInstr(*refs, instr)
}
if refs := instr.Val.Referrers(); refs != nil {
*refs = removeInstr(*refs, instr)
}
// Delete the Store.
u.Instrs[i] = nil
u.gaps++
}
case *Load:
if alloc, ok := instr.X.(*Alloc); ok && alloc.index >= 0 { // load of Alloc cell
// In theory, we wouldn't be able to replace loads directly, because a loaded value could be used in
// different branches, in which case it should be replaced with different sigma nodes. But we can't
// simply defer replacement, either, because then later stores might incorrectly affect this load.
//
// To avoid doing renaming on _all_ values (instead of just loads and stores like we're doing), we make
// sure during code generation that each load is only used in one block. For example, in constant switch
// statements, where the tag is only evaluated once, we store it in a temporary and load it for each
// comparison, so that we have individual loads to replace.
//
// Because we only rename stores and loads, the end result will not contain sigma nodes for all
// constants. Some constants may be used directly, e.g. in comparisons such as 'x == 5'. We may still
// end up inserting dead sigma nodes in branches, but these will never get used in renaming and will be
// cleaned up when we remove dead phis and sigmas.
newval := renamed(u.Parent(), renaming, alloc)
if debugLifting {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\tupdate load %s = %s with %s\n",
instr.Name(), instr, newval)
}
replaceAll(instr, newval)
u.Instrs[i] = nil
u.gaps++
}
case *DebugRef:
if x, ok := instr.X.(*Alloc); ok && x.index >= 0 {
if instr.IsAddr {
instr.X = renamed(u.Parent(), renaming, x)
instr.IsAddr = false
// Add DebugRef to instr.X's referrers.
if refs := instr.X.Referrers(); refs != nil {
*refs = append(*refs, instr)
}
} else {
// A source expression denotes the address
// of an Alloc that was optimized away.
instr.X = nil
// Delete the DebugRef.
u.Instrs[i] = nil
u.gaps++
}
}
}
}
// update all outgoing sigma nodes with the dominating store
for _, sigmas := range newSigmas[u.Index] {
for _, sigma := range sigmas.sigmas {
if sigma == nil {
continue
}
sigma.X = renamed(u.Parent(), renaming, sigmas.alloc)
}
}
// For each φ-node in a CFG successor, rename the edge.
for succi, v := range u.Succs {
phis := newPhis[v.Index]
if len(phis) == 0 {
continue
}
i := v.predIndex(u)
for _, np := range phis {
phi := np.phi
alloc := np.alloc
// if there's a sigma node, use it, else use the dominating value
var newval Value
for _, sigmas := range newSigmas[u.Index] {
if sigmas.alloc == alloc && sigmas.sigmas[succi] != nil {
newval = sigmas.sigmas[succi]
break
}
}
if newval == nil {
newval = renamed(u.Parent(), renaming, alloc)
}
if debugLifting {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "\tsetphi %s edge %s -> %s (#%d) (alloc=%s) := %s\n",
phi.Name(), u, v, i, alloc.Name(), newval.Name())
}
phi.Edges[i] = newval
if prefs := newval.Referrers(); prefs != nil {
*prefs = append(*prefs, phi)
}
}
}
// Continue depth-first recursion over domtree, pushing a
// fresh copy of the renaming map for each subtree.
r := make([]Value, len(renaming))
for _, v := range u.dom.children {
copy(r, renaming)
// on entry to a block, the incoming sigma nodes become the new values for their alloc
if idx := u.succIndex(v); idx != -1 {
for _, sigma := range newSigmas[u.Index] {
if sigma.sigmas[idx] != nil {
r[sigma.alloc.index] = sigma.sigmas[idx]
}
}
}
rename(v, r, newPhis, newSigmas)
}
}
func simplifyConstantCompositeValues(fn *Function) bool {
changed := false
for _, b := range fn.Blocks {
n := 0
for _, instr := range b.Instrs {
replaced := false
if cv, ok := instr.(*CompositeValue); ok {
ac := &AggregateConst{}
ac.typ = cv.typ
replaced = true
for _, v := range cv.Values {
if c, ok := v.(Constant); ok {
ac.Values = append(ac.Values, c)
} else {
replaced = false
break
}
}
if replaced {
replaceAll(cv, emitConst(fn, ac))
killInstruction(cv)
}
}
if replaced {
changed = true
} else {
b.Instrs[n] = instr
n++
}
}
clearInstrs(b.Instrs[n:])
b.Instrs = b.Instrs[:n]
}
return changed
}
func updateOperandReferrers(instr Instruction) {
for _, op := range instr.Operands(nil) {
refs := (*op).Referrers()
if refs != nil {
*refs = append(*refs, instr)
}
}
}
// deferstackPreamble returns the *Alloc and ssa:deferstack() call for fn.deferstack.
func deferstackPreamble(fn *Function) (*Alloc, *Call) {
if alloc, _ := fn.vars[fn.deferstack].(*Alloc); alloc != nil {
for _, ref := range *alloc.Referrers() {
if ref, _ := ref.(*Store); ref != nil && ref.Addr == alloc {
if call, _ := ref.Val.(*Call); call != nil {
return alloc, call
}
}
}
}
return nil, nil
}